Feminist Criticism on Where Are You Going, Where Have You...

The term ‘feminism’ and ‘feminist’ first started to gain popularity in the 1970s. Starting in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, continued into the 1960s and 1970s, then followed by the 1990s to the twentieth century, feminism and feminist grown across the nation. From clubs and organizations, to readings and speeches, feminist all across the nation, and world, have influenced aspects of our daily lives, including our literature. â€Å"Feminist criticism examines the ways in which literature reinforces or undermines the economic, political., social, and psychological oppression of woman† (Tyson 83). In simpler terms, feminist criticism is critiquing literary readings, through the mind of a woman’s opinion of structure and being.†¦show more content†¦From a patriarchal ideology, Connie seems a bit of a tramp concluding that â€Å"men sleep with â€Å"bad girls†, but they don’t deserve better and they probably d on’t even expect better. They’re not good enough to bear a man’s name or legitimate children† (Tyson 90). While completely objectifying women, this ideology places them into two, very broad, different categories as well. Why should Connie be seen asShow MoreRelatedThe O. J. Simpson Case1576 Words   |  7 Pagesas a historical lens and cultural lens as well. The reason why I use those two perspectives was because; in history the black people has been treated as non-human, criminals, and properties. And in a culture perspective, black people are racial discriminated and profiled which plays a huge part in the OJ Simpson trial. The trial and case of O.J. Simpson has been described as one the most publicized criminal trial in all of American history. The OJ Simpson trial could be seen as cultural perceptiveRead MoreGeneral, I Love Women Essay1356 Words   |  6 Pageslove women. In general, I have respect for women. In general, I think women are just as capable as men and should have the same rights and privileges. I think anyone who’s opposing that is someone who has their head screwed on backward and I completely disagree with them. I have stood up for women facing actual misogyny in the past. Now that I have stated my position that I think that women are just as capable, and should have the same rights and privileges as men, where do I go from there? To meRead MoreFay Weldon: An Equal Opportunity Feminist Essay1314 Words   |  6 PagesFay Weldon, born Franklin Birkinshaw, started out life in a state of ambivalence. She â€Å"took out library books as Franklin and read them as Fay† (Weldon). â€Å"What I do have to do is be faithful to what I see around me, whether I like it or not. My role is to look at the world, get a true, not an idealized vision of it and hand it over to you in fictional form† (Fay Weldon). This is how Fay Weldon defines her writing. Although the role of women in society has vastly changed in the last fifty years, thereRead MoreFeminist Criticism Of Susan Glaspell s Trifles 1512 Words   |  7 PagesThe feminist theory is always adapting to new cultural and always changing. What stems from the feminism theory is feminist literary criticism â€Å"feminist criticism examines the ways in which literature (and other cultural productions) reinforces or undermines the economic, political, social, and psychological oppression of women† (Critical Theory Today, 4 Feminist Criticism, pg. 79 Tyson, Louis). This theory shows us how patriarchal our society is and that’s how Susan Glaspell’s shows her work inRead MoreA Feminist Literary Stance, Roles of Women in Henrik Ibsen’s Play A Doll’s House and George Eliot’s Novel Middle march1546 Words   |  7 PagesA feminist literary stance, roles of women in Henrik Ibsen’s play A Doll’s House George Eliot’s novel Middlemarch Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House and George Eliot’s Middlemarch are based on events from their personal experiences. The events that lead Ibsen to feel the need to write A Doll’s House makes his approach on the feminist stance a bit more unusual from other writers. Ibsen shows his realist style through modern views and tones that are acted out by the characters in this infamousRead MoreFeminist Criticism Of A Rose For A Rose For Emily By Judith Fetterley1399 Words   |  6 PagesThere are three main sections to a literary interaction, which are emphasis on the text, emphasis on the source and emphasis on the receiver. Under emphasis on the receiver there are several different critical approaches including feminist criticism. Feminist criticism focuses on the critique of female writers, the role of female characters, and how those roles are portrayed by their characteristics and often demeaning actions. In â€Å"A Rose for ‘A Rose for Emily,â€⠄¢Ã¢â‚¬  Judith Fetterley states that â€Å"ARead MoreFeminism Theory : Who Want Women Equality, They Should Look Into Feminism1552 Words   |  7 Pagesthose who want women equality, they should look into feminism. To be a feminist you don’t have to be a woman, you just need to support women in their fight to be legally equal to men in social and economical situations. This means women deserve equal pay, equal access to education, make decisions about their own body, ending job sex segregation, better working conditions, for women to be able to hold a public office and have a say in the decision making of their country, and to be afforded the sameRead MoreThe, The Divine Feminine, By Mac Miller1667 Words   |  7 Pagesproblems that women have gone through growing up feminine and for those trying to find a female identity. Women do not want to be seen ambivalent like a walking contradiction. I analyzed and interpreted Mac Miller’s album The Divine Feminine in its entirety which illustrates how he shows female agency to the ideology of domination. After applying a feminist criticism search model, I found that the album calls attention to secondary groups. Women constitute a marginal group. They have been excluded inRead MoreFeminism And The Second Wave Of Feminism1351 Words   |  6 Pagesdivorced, mentally ill mother in Toledo, Ohio. Steinem spent six years caring for her mother before she left for Smith College where she obtained a degree in government, a choice that was non-traditional for a woman at the time. After establishing herself as a freelance writer, Steinem worked for Show magazine until she was captivated by an abortion speak out from the radical feminist group, Redstockings, and began to think and write about as well as give talks on feminism. (Biography.com Editors) In 1970Read MoreFeminist Criticism : The Scarlet Letter 1324 Words   |  6 Pa gesAndrea Rhoden English IV Almack 1st six weeks The Scarlet Letter:Feminism Feminist criticism is a form of literary criticism that uncovers the common mistreatment of women in literature. For centuries, women have been viewed as the minorities, unable to control and protect themselves. In history, women have had little to no voice in the world, what little bit of a voice they have is only obtained through marriage. Men are so dominant that they are able to get away with crimes far easier than women

Education Programs Should Be Better Than Those Who Are Not...

(Wallington, Petlow, Mitchell, 2011). By offering accelerated learning opportunities that allow students to achieve college placement, bridge programs can help to correct this trend in higher education (Wallington, Petlow, Mitchell, 2011). Programs should be realistic about their goals because the argument is made that significant progress in academic support is difficult to achieve in only a few months (Kezar, 2000). Studies show that students in retention programs perform better than those who are not met with the same opportunity (Kezar, 2000). The Sumer-Bridge-University of California at Berkley provides proof to the success of these programs as it has demonstrated that bridge students there have a higher two-year retention rate than their counterparts despite having lower SAT scores than those who have not participated in the program (Ohland Crockett, 2002). It is cautioned that these programs, while providing a jump start for success, should be met with ongoing support that surpasses the five to six weeks of summer preparation (Bradley, 2012). Some colleges have found implementation of a mandatory freshman orientation class for all incoming students beneficial, following participation in summer activities (Bradley, 2012). Model programs Model programs are individuated and have several common components (Kezar, 2000). These common components include strong faculty involvement, being tied to the institutional mission, partnership with area K12 schools, receivingShow MoreRelatedGraduation Speech : College Is The Most Common Word That Comes Out Is Debt Essay1660 Words   |  7 PagesAs a person talks about college, the most common word that comes out is debt. For me, college meant more opportunities. Opportunities behind my imagination. 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People get very enraged when they think of how simple illegal immigrants get to the U.S; just jump a border and you now have the world of opportunity in your hands. Should those people be given the same rights as someone who immigrated legally and spent months filling out paperwork and paying numerous fees? Should that same person be given equal rights to someone whose family has lived in the United States for generations and have established core roots. With this way of thinkingRead MoreShould Undocumented Immigrants Be Legal?1744 Words   |  7 Pagesof stress an immigrant experiences in their new surroundings. These pressures become more and more apparent as an immigrant rises through the educational system. The 1982 Supreme Court decision in Plyler v. Doe guaranteed access to free public education for undocumented students. (Nguyen Martinez, 2015) The public debate that surrounds undocumented immigrants is often harsh and aggressive, predominately focusing on the economic burden on U.S. citizens and taxpayers. Economic arguments againstRead MoreElementary School Essay1596 Words   |  7 Pagesalso able to provide the students with a great deal of supplies and technology. Lafayette Mills is located in a predominately white neighborhood. Therefore, the school is not as diverse as some surrounding districts and towns. 78.7% of the students who attend Lafayette Mills elementary school are white. The other two major nationalities in the school are Asian, 10.2%, and Hispanic, 8.5%. Only 1.1% of students in the elementary school are black. These statistics show how non-diverse the school reallyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article Higher Ed 950 Words   |  4 PagesThe purpose of the article is to inform people about whether or not students are ready for college level education and how to better prepare students for meeting the academic requirements and education level that they should be before entering college. â€Å"According to the ACT’s recently released Condition of College and Career Readiness 2013, only 26% of all ACT-tested high school graduates met the College Readiness Benchmarks in English, Reading, Mathematics and Science in 2013† (Chan, 2014). BasedRead MoreThe New York State Comptroller 1213 Words   |  5 Pagesoversees the billion dollar budget by ensuring the tax dollars are spent well, collecting funds and taxes to pay for state programs and examining government contracts. 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Studying in a foreign country benefits the students in many ways including the opportunity to travel the world, experience different education styles, have numerous education and career opportunities, and experienceRead MoreEssay Mainstreaming: Does it Help Childrens Special Needs?1406 Wo rds   |  6 Pagesin regular classrooms. Inclusion, also known as mainstreaming, gives all students the opportunity to learn from their individual differences. It allows special needs children to receive their education in a normal society. Children with special needs are encouraged by the challenges that face them in a regular classroom. They also learn to defend themselves from the attitudes of other students. At the same time, non disabled students will learn to recognize and respect the talents and abilitiesRead MoreTuition Free Public Colleges And Universities1619 Words   |  7 Pagestuition-free higher education for all. 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Resource File free essay sample

Select four songs, finger plays, word games or poems that you can use to promote phonological awareness. Describe the strategies to promote phonological awareness among children whose home language is other than English. Phonological awareness involves the detection and manipulation of sounds at three levels of sound structure: (1) syllables, (2) onsets and rimes, and (3) phonemes. 1. Speak English, and speak it often, associate words with objects as often as possible. For example, show the child a book and say, Book. Repeating words and phrases often will train the child to associate certain objects with certain words mentally; and more than that, it will enable the child to pick up on the phonemes of the language subconsciously. 2. Play word games to promote phonological awareness. With a toddler who has limited English skills, sound soup is a fun game to play. Bring out a big soup pot and tell the child, We are going to make k soup today! Then, begin to fill the pot with items that start with the k sound carrots, kale, clocks. We will write a custom essay sample on Resource File or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The point of the game is to get the child to become very familiar with a particular sound and to recognize it as a sound that can occur at the beginning of a word. 3. Play sound recognition games that require more of a response on her part. One such game is the find it game. Say a sound r, for example and ask the child to find you an object in the room that begins with that sound. 4. Identify the number of words in a short sentence. For example, â€Å"Pat has a cat. How many words are in that sentence? † 5. Next focus on onsets and rimes. For example, â€Å"c† plus â€Å"at† equals â€Å"cat†; â€Å"cl† plus â€Å"own† equals â€Å"clown. † Beep! Choo! Zoom! Honk! We’ll be going on vacation in our car. (Pretend to drive a car. ) Beep-beep. (Pretend to honk horn. ) We’ll be going on vacation in our car. Beep-beep. We’ll be going on vacation. We’ll be going on vacation. We’ll be going on vacation in our car. Beep-beep. Train choo choo (Put arms by sides and pretend to chug. ) Plane zoom zoom (Make a plane with your hand and fly around. ) Bus honk, honk (Pretend to pull down on a horn. ) Oh, we’ll all have lots of fun when we go Beep beep, choo choo, zoom zoom, honk honk. . . Apples and Bananas I like to eat, eat, eat apples and bananas I like to eat, eat, eat apples and bananas Now change the vowel sound to A: I like to ate, ate, ate ay-ples and ba-nay-nays I like to ate, ate, ate ay-ples and ba-nay-nays Now change the vowel sound to E: I like to eat, eat, eat ee-ples and bee-nee-nees I like to eat, eat, eat ee-ples and bee-nee-nees Now change the vowel sound to I: I like to ite, ite, ite i-ples and bi-ni-nis I like to ite, ite, ite i-ples and bi-ni-nis Now change the vowel sound to O: like to ote, ote, ote oh-ples and bo-no-nos I like to ote, ote, ote oh-ples and bo-no-nos Miss Mary Mack Miss Mary Mack Mack Mack All dressed in black, black, black With silver buttons, buttons, buttons All down her back, back, back. She asked her mother, mother, mother For 50 cents, cents, cents To see the elephants, elephants, elephants Jump over the fence, fence, fence. They jumped so high, high, high They reached the sky, sky, sky And they didnt come back, back, back Til the 4th of July, ly, ly! Teddy Bear Teddy bear, teddy bear, Turn around. Teddy bear, teddy bear, Touch the ground. Teddy bear, teddy bear, Shine your shoes. Teddy bear, teddy bear, Skidoo. Teddy bear, teddy bear, Go upstairs. Teddy bear, teddy bear, Say your prayers. Teddy bear, teddy bear, Turn out the light. Teddy bear, teddy bear, Say good night.

Legal Aspects of Oil and Gas Industry Management

Question: Examine and evaluate the Legal Aspects of Oil and Gas Industry? Answer: Introduction Discoveries of natural gas and oil resources give nations hope for the future prospect. International oil companies enter into contracts for exploration of natural gas and oil contracts with these nations that are rich in such resources. Though such nations may themselves explore the resources but many-a-times, they do not possess the required skill, expertise and most importantly the financial stability to undertake such a project. Thus, they try to magnetize the participation of the international oil companies. However, before entering into such contracts with the oil companies the governments of the host countries undergo a process of negotiation. These negotiations are very challenging. The said negotiations are all the more challenging because a lot is at stake with these negotiations. When oil resources are discovered in a country, the government acquires right over it notwithstanding the fact that the surface rights are owned by an individual. The nations that have oil resourc es tend to magnetize the participation of these oil companies for the exploration as these companies possess all the required skill, expertise, experience and financial backing to undertake such a project. The oil companies that have experience of negotiating such contracts mostly have the upper hand in the process of negotiation and are motivated to ensure profit maximization. Thus, it is essential for the governments to be extra-cautious in the negotiation process so as to be able to make as much revenue as possible out of these projects. In this paper, we would analyze the various aspects of oil and natural gas negotiation and explore the issues involved. Issues involved in the process of Negotiation In order to give effect to the oil contracts, the government of the host countries and the international oil companies undergo direct negotiation. The attitude of the government during the process of negotiation is mostly very indecisive and such indecisiveness results from lack of technical knowledge, capability of predicting future as regards the oil fields and proper awareness about the oil fields. Thus, in order to be able to negotiate successfully it is imperative that the governments keep these factors in mind while undertaking such negotiation. The changing market for oil, the exploration cost, and the size of the oil field are significant factors that must be considered by the government while negotiating. Most of the time, the governments fail to give proper attention to these aspects and the oil companies end up taking advantage of the ignorance of the governments. The following issues are important for giving effect to a successful contract and therefore they must be given proper consideration; Interest of the Indigenous Communities These oil exploration projects resulting out of contracts between the oil companies and the governments of the host countries affect various other groups of individuals who are not directly involved in the process. These groups are the local communities of the host countries. In fact, these communities are at the receiving end of the adverse effects of such projects. In fact, mostly the surface rights over the oil fields are owned by these local communities and thus they must be compensated by the oil companies for the disturbance and use of their property. Thus, the interest of these groups must be considered by the governments while negotiating the terms of the contract (3 oil gas contracts for Aker Kvaerner, 2007). Transparency The negotiation process must be transparent. These contracts would be accepted by the public if they are transparent. In order to be transparent, the contractual term must be disclosed. However, there are certain aspects that ought not be disclosed. When the negotiation process is transparent, it is possible to avoid corrupt practices that the negotiators might get involved into. If the contractual terms are made subject to public scrutinisation, the negotiators would not insert such terms in the contract that might be criticized by the public (Babusiaux, 2004). Negotiators The government makes up a team to undertake the negotiation process. This team consists of members from different fields. While making up this team of negotiators, the governments ought to be extra cautious. The process of negotiation must not be taken casually. In fact, negotiation is not just a process before entering into a contract but is an art. The negotiators must have the capability of making a distinction between the negotiable and nonnegotiable factors. Having made such a distinction they ought to pay greater attention to the negotiable factors (Bantekas, 2009). They must as well undertake good tactics for negotiation and must proceed on the basis of plans already formulated. The oil companies are far better equipped than the governments to negotiate these contracts so the government should take this negotiation process seriously and employ expert, negotiators. The negotiators must be from different fields, like legal, technical, etc and ought to possess the required skills to make a successful negotiation on behalf of the government. The principle underlying the negotiation is to reach at a mutually agreeable point where the interests of both parties are balanced. Only successful negotiators can achieve this goal. Balancing Conflicting Interests Conflict of interest is a common phenomenon while the terms of these type of contracts are negotiated. The Government, on the one hand, has to act as a business entity, the sole purpose of which is to maximize profits. On the other hand, it has to make the oil companies invest in the resources of the country so that the revenue of the country increases leading to an economic growth of the country (Bhattacharyya, 2009). The Government maximizes profits on the one hand and regulates its conduct on the other. The Government must be able to balance the conflicting interests while negotiating the terms of the contract. Time Time responsive factors are predominantly present in oil contracts. For instance, oil prices keep varying from time to time, the political and social conditions of the country that possesses the natural resources. The drafting of the oil contracts must be made in such a manner that these factors may be varied accordingly. The terms of the oil contract must be such that they survive the test of time (Bindemann, 2000). The terms should be such that the changes may be made in future on the basis of the future demands, whether foreseeable or unforeseeable. Thus, the oil and natural gas contracts must be responsive to changing circumstances. Norway, for instance, made its tax regime profitable for the oil companies so as to entice their participation to their geographically challenging terrain. Types of Contracts There are various types of contacts that the governments and the international oil companies can enter into for exploration of the oil and natural gas. These contracts may be discussed as follows; Joint Venture Agreement The government and the oil companies may elect to enter into a joint venture for the exploration of the natural resources. But before plunging into such a decision, both parties must be well aware of the goals, interests and mode of conducting business of each other. Since under a joint venture agreement the parties work together, it is essential that they have knowledge about these aspects of each other or else it would not be possible to make the joint venture successful. The parties ought to be consensual on these aspects. As the joint venture agreements are open-ended, nether of the parties are very eager to enter into such contracts. However, these agreements are advantageous for the governments as they can rely on the oil companies for decision making. Moreover, the government shares profits with the companies under this type of agreement (Khannanova, Nizamova and Kantor, 2015). The disadvantage of entering into this type of agreement, from the perspective of the government is that they have to share the risks along with the companies. The government participates directly in the process of oil exploration under this type of contract (Ghandi and Lin, 2014). Production Sharing Agreements (also referred to as PSA) Under this type of contracts, the responsibilities associated with the development and managing of the oil resources lies with the oil companies. Even the risks associated with the exploration process are to be borne by the companies. The government earns signing bonus by giving the oil companies the right of exploration. The operational expenses and the costs of exploration are compensated to the company by the government, and the remaining profit is divided between the parties as per the agreed proportion. The taxes are paid by the oil companies. In order to make this type of agreements successful, the legal framework of the host country must be comprehensive enough. In case, the legal framework is not worth relying on, the terms of the contracts would operate as law (Jennings, 2002). Licensing or Concession Agreements Under this type of contract, the oil companies are given right of exploration for a specified period. During this period, the said oil company would have the exclusive right of exploring, selling and exporting the resources extracted. Generally, right sunder this type of contract is granted by way of auction. The governments draft the terms of the contract and then opens up bidding for the oil companies. The company that emerges to be the highest bidder gets the exclusive exploration rights. The highest bidder amount is paid by the oil company to the government of the host country as licensing fees. Even if production does not take place, yet the government retains the said licensing fees. If production takes place, the host country receives income tax as well as royalty (Mahmud and Russell, 2002). These licensing agreements are the best suited to serve the interest of the host countries. Service Agreements Service agreements are also entered into by the parties along with the above types of agreements. The purpose of this type of agreement is to enable disbursement. However, this type of agreement is not very popular with either party to the contract because they do not turn out to be very useful in the long run. Important Terms of the Contracts The following important terms must be incorporated in every oil and natural gas exploration contract; Description of the premises There must be a complete legal definition of the premises leased to the companies for the exploration work. If there is more than one field to be explored, then two different contracts must be entered into. Limiting the contractual term The contract should explicitly lay down whether the contract is for exploration of oil or natural gas or other minerals. Royalty Clause From the perspective f the government, the most important is the royalty clause. The mode of payment and well as the time of payment of the royalty to the government must be clearly provided in the contract (Marshall, 2003). Post Production Costs Since, post production issues are frequently litigated upon by the parties, it is imperative that the mode of dealing with the post production costs must be clearly laid down in the contract (Tade, 1989). Plan of Work The oil companies have a tendency of delaying and shelving not so profitable projects. Thus, the contract must contain an exhaustive list of circumstances under which a project may be shelved or delayed. It must also be specifically stated that apart from the stated circumstances, a project cannot be shelved or delayed for any other reason (Martin, 2009). Stabilization Clause Governments should refrain from inserting stabilization clauses in the contract because such clauses make the laws of the host country inapplicable to the provisions of the contract. Vision of the Government behind Negotiation The oil companies are very must profit motivated, and they attempt to minimize costs and maximize profits as much as possible. The governments have to consider the development of the country while it negotiates the contractual terms with the oil companies. The Government must have the following as its vision and mission behind the undertaking of such projects; Employment A lot of man power is required to give effect to oil or natural gas exploration project. The Government should try to make the oil companies employ local manpower. This would lead to economic stability in the host country as many people would be employed. In case, unemployment is taken care of then the country would have a good financial standing. The company would also be able to benefit from such an arrangement as it will be spared the expenses of engaging outside labour (Mosburg, 1983). Corporate Social Responsibility (also referred to as CSR) The oil companies must be made to render its CSR during the tenure of the exploration project. The CSR responsibilities borne by the domestic companies may be made compulsory for the international oil company (Oil and gas exploration and production: reserves, costs, contracts, 2005). The rules of CSR which are applicable to the domestic companies could be made applicable to the oil companies. In case, such provisions are not strictly incorporated the companies would try and evade the CSR (Thornton, 1912). Sustainable Development At present sustainable development is an important concept that must be kept in mind by the government while negotiating the terms of oil and natural gas exploration contract. Governments should limit the extent up to which the oil companies may use the resources (OIL AND GAS: New Contracts, 2008). Since these natural resources deplete with continued usage, the usage should be limited so that it gets the time for regeneration. Dispute Resolution Mechanism The contract should lay down the mechanism for dispute resolution in case the parties get involved in a dispute. The parties have various options available for dispute resolution. The traditional mode of dispute resolution is the court proceedings, but the parties may as well decide to go for dispute resolution mechanisms that do not involve the technicalities of the formal court proceedings, like, arbitration. In fact, mostly parties opt for arbitration in case of international contracts as in the case of international transactions problem arises as regards applicable laws (Pongsiri, 2004). As a consequence enforceability of the terms of the contract becomes difficult. Mediation, conciliation may also be modes of dispute resolution. These processes are not very formal, and the parties have a say over a lot of issues, like the place of arbitration, arbitrators, etc. However, in court proceedings none of these factors are within the reach of the parties and thus they cannot mould them as per their convenience. International Commercial Arbitration are adopted by the parties in most cases. The procedures are not very complicated, and the parties have control over a lot of aspects (Razavi, 1989). Conclusion From the aforesaid discussion, we may conclude that the negotiation of oil and natural gas contracts with the international oil companies is a very complicated process that requires through research and proper consideration of several factors. Since the oil companies have a tendency to minimize costs and maximize profits the governments should ensure that they are also able to mobilize maximum profits. Since everything is dependent upon proper negotiation, the government should take the negotiation process seriously and take into consideration all the above factors so as to emerge as successful negotiators. References 3 oil gas contracts for Aker Kvaerner. (2007). Pump Industry Analyst, 2007(8), p.3. Babusiaux, D. (2004). Oil and gas exploration and production. Paris: Editions Technip. Bantekas, I. (2009). Oil and Gas Production Contracts. The Journal of World Energy Law Business, 2(3), pp.263-264. Bhattacharyya, S. (2009). Oil and Gas Production Contracts, Volume 1. 1st ed.20094Edited by Anthony Jennings. Oil and Gas Production Contracts, Volume 1. 1st ed. . London: Sweet and Maxwell, Thomson Reuters (Legal) Limited 2008. , ISBN: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 978à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 84703à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 750à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 3 ix +398 pp. Int J of Energy Sector Man, 3(4), pp.428-430. Bindemann, K. (2000). The response of oil contracts to extreme price movements. Oxford: Dept. of Economics [Oxford University]. Ghandi, A. and Lin, C. (2014). Oil and gas service contracts around the world: A review. Energy Strategy Reviews, 3, pp.63-71. Jennings, A. (2002). Oil and gas exploration contracts. London: Sweet Maxwell. Mahmud, M. and Russell, A. (2002). Evidence that the terms of petroleum contracts influence the rate of development of oil fields. OPEC Review, 26(1), pp.21-44. Marshall, A. (2003). Negotiating Transcendence. Ethnologies, 25(1), p.5. Martin, T. (2009). Oil and Gas Exploration Contracts. The Journal of World Energy Law Business, 2(2), pp.173-174. Mosburg, L. (1983). Contracts used in oil and gas operations. Oklahoma City, Okla.: Institute for Energy Development. Oil and gas exploration and production: reserves, costs, contracts. (2005). Choice Reviews Online, 42(07), pp.42 OIL AND GAS: New Contracts. (2008). Africa Research Bulletin: Economic, Financial and Technical Series, 45(3), pp.17792B-17792C. Pongsiri, N. (2004). Partnerships in oil and gas productionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ sharing contracts. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 17(5), pp.431-442. Razavi, H. (1989). The new era of petroleum trading. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Tade, J. (1989). Drafting indemnity provisions in oil and gas contracts. [Chicago, Ill.]: Section of Natural Resources, Energy, and Environmental Law, American Bar Association. Thornton, W. (1912). The law relating to oil and gas. Cincinnati: W.H. Anderson. Khannanova, A., Nizamova, G. and Kantor, O. (2015). Opec In The Terms Of Oil Prices Reduction. OGBUS, (3), pp.590-611.